In Italy, 84% of ATMs had second-line maintenance outsourced in 2025. The main providers were ATM manufacturers, with three firms maintaining nearly 90% of the country's machines. Some ATM-as-a-service arrangements added another layer, with maintenance subcontracted to manufacturers or handled by the service provider. Those arrangements can supply specialist repair capacity, but they make one question urgent: who notices a failed service, assigns the right party, and confirms that the machine works again?